Typography & Layout

Text Formatting, Fonts & Environments

Master LaTeX font styles, semantic emphasis, font sizes, custom list environments, blockquotes, and typographic characters.

Text Styles & Formatting

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for text styles & formatting.

Command Mandatory { }

`\textbf{text}`

Bold text

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Bold Font: Renders text in boldface weight. For bold math letters use \mathbf{...} or \boldsymbol{...} for bold Greek symbols.

Example Code

\textbf{important}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textit{text}`

Italic text

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Italic Font (Slanted): Renders text in slanted italic serif typeface. If text is nested inside already-italicized passages, prefer \emph{text}.

Example Code

\textit{Physica Scripta}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textsl{text}`

Slanted text

Example Code

\textsl{slanted note}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textsc{text}`

Small caps text

Example Code

\textsc{Ramanuj Gupta College}

Command Mandatory { }

`\texttt{text}`

Monospace/typewriter text

Example Code

\texttt{goscat.py}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textrm{text}`

Roman family text

Example Code

\textrm{normal roman text}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textsf{text}`

Sans-serif text

Example Code

\textsf{sans-serif text}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textup{text}`

Upright shape text

Example Code

\textup{upright text}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textmd{text}`

Medium weight text

Example Code

\textmd{medium weight text}

Command Mandatory { }

`\emph{text}`

Emphasized (usually italic) text

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Context-Aware Semantic Emphasis: In upright text, \emph{...} produces italics. In italicized text, \emph{...} switches back to upright font automatically.

Example Code

\emph{note this carefully}

Command Mandatory { }

`\underline{text}`

Underlined text

Example Code

\underline{key result}

Command Mandatory { }

`\uline{text}`

Underlined text (soul/ulem package)

Example Code

\uline{underlined phrase}

Command Mandatory { }

`\sout{text}`

Strikethrough text (ulem package)

Example Code

\sout{deleted phrase}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textsuperscript{text}`

Superscript text

Example Code

1\textsuperscript{st}

Command Mandatory { }

`\textsubscript{text}`

Subscript text

Example Code

H\textsubscript{2}O

Command

`\tiny`

Sets tiny font size

Example Code

{\tiny tiny text}

Command

`\scriptsize`

Sets script font size

Example Code

{\scriptsize script text}

Command

`\footnotesize`

Sets footnote font size

Example Code

{\footnotesize footnote-sized text}

Command

`\small`

Sets small font size

Example Code

{\small small text}

Command

`\normalsize`

Sets normal font size

Example Code

{\normalsize normal text}

Command

`\large`

Sets large font size

Example Code

{\large large text}

Command

`\Large`

Sets larger font size

Example Code

{\Large larger text}

Command

`\LARGE`

Sets even larger font size

Example Code

{\LARGE even larger text}

Command

`\huge`

Sets huge font size

Example Code

{\huge huge text}

Command

`\Huge`

Sets largest font size

Example Code

{\Huge largest text}

Command

`\bfseries`

Switches to bold series (declaration form)

Example Code

{\bfseries bold text}

Command

`\itshape`

Switches to italic shape (declaration form)

Example Code

{\itshape italic text}

Command

`\slshape`

Switches to slanted shape (declaration form)

Example Code

{\slshape slanted text}

Command

`\scshape`

Switches to small caps shape (declaration form)

Example Code

{\scshape small caps text}

Command

`\ttfamily`

Switches to typewriter family (declaration form)

Example Code

{\ttfamily typewriter text}

Command

`\sffamily`

Switches to sans-serif family (declaration form)

Example Code

{\sffamily sans-serif text}

Command

`\rmfamily`

Switches to roman family (declaration form)

Example Code

{\rmfamily roman text}

Command

`\mdseries`

Switches to medium series (declaration form)

Example Code

{\mdseries medium text}

Command

`\upshape`

Switches to upright shape (declaration form)

Example Code

{\upshape upright text}

Command

`\normalfont`

Resets to document's normal font

Example Code

{\normalfont reset text}

Command

`\centering`

Centers content (declaration form)

Example Code

\centering Centered text

Command

`\raggedright`

Left-aligns, ragged right

Example Code

\raggedright Left aligned text

Command

`\raggedleft`

Right-aligns, ragged left

Example Code

\raggedleft Right aligned text

Lists, Quotes & Environments

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for lists, quotes & environments.

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{center}...\end{center}`

Centers content

Example Code

\begin{center}
Centered text
\end{center}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{flushleft}...\end{flushleft}`

Left-aligns content

Example Code

\begin{flushleft}
Left text
\end{flushleft}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{flushright}...\end{flushright}`

Right-aligns content

Example Code

\begin{flushright}
Right text
\end{flushright}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{quote}...\end{quote}`

Short quotation, indented both sides

Example Code

\begin{quote}
A short quotation.
\end{quote}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{quotation}...\end{quotation}`

Longer quotation with paragraph indents

Example Code

\begin{quotation}
A longer quotation with multiple paragraphs.
\end{quotation}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{verse}...\end{verse}`

Poetry formatting

Example Code

\begin{verse}
Roses are red \\
Violets are blue
\end{verse}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{itemize}...\end{itemize}`

Bulleted list

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Unordered Bullet List: Encloses \item entries with standard bullets or custom markers (\item[--]).

Example Code

\begin{itemize}
  \item First point
  \item Second point
\end{itemize}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{enumerate}...\end{enumerate}`

Numbered list

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Ordered Numbered List: Encloses numbered \item entries with automatic counter hierarchy (1., (a), (i), A.).

Example Code

\begin{enumerate}
  \item First step
  \item Second step
\end{enumerate}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{description}...\end{description}`

Description list

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Term-Definition List: Uses \item[Term] for bold title headers followed by indented descriptions.

Example Code

\begin{description}
  \item[Term] Explanation
\end{description}

Command

`\item`

List item marker

Example Code

\item First item

Command Optional [ ]

`\item[label]`

List item with custom label

Example Code

\item[(a)] Custom labeled item

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{verbatim}...\end{verbatim}`

Verbatim text (no interpretation)

Example Code

\begin{verbatim}
print("hello")
\end{verbatim}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{tabular}{cols}...\end{tabular}`

Basic table environment

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Column Alignment & Border Specifiers:
• l: Left-aligned column.
• c: Centered column.
• r: Right-aligned column.
• p{width}: Paragraph column with top-aligned text and automatic line wrapping (e.g. p{4cm}).
• m{width}: Paragraph column with vertically centered text (requires \usepackage{array}).
• b{width}: Paragraph column with bottom-aligned text.
• |: Single vertical grid line.
• ||: Double vertical grid line.
• @{text}: Replaces default column padding with custom text, or removes margin with @{}.

Example Code

\begin{tabular}{cc}
A & B \\
1 & 2 \\
\end{tabular}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{table}...\end{table}`

Floating table wrapper

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Float Placement Parameter [htbp]:
• h (here): Try placing the table at the exact current position in the source code.
• t (top): Place the table at the top of the current or next page.
• b (bottom): Place the table at the bottom of the page.
• p (page): Place the table on a separate page dedicated to floating objects.
• ! (override): Relaxes LaTeX internal float packing parameters (e.g. [!htbp]).

Example Code

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Results}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
A & B\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{figure}...\end{figure}`

Floating figure wrapper

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Float Placement Parameter [htbp]:
• h: Place here at point of insertion.
• t: Top of page.
• b: Bottom of page.
• p: Float page.
• !: Overrides LaTeX restrictive float limits.

Example Code

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{plot.png}
\caption{A plot}
\end{figure}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{minipage}{width}...\end{minipage}`

Miniature page block

Example Code

\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
Left column text
\end{minipage}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{abstract}...\end{abstract}`

Abstract section

Example Code

\begin{abstract}
This paper presents...
\end{abstract}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{titlepage}...\end{titlepage}`

Custom title page

Example Code

\begin{titlepage}
\centering
\Huge My Thesis
\end{titlepage}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{array}{cols}...\end{array}`

Math-mode array

Example Code

$\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{equation}...\end{equation}`

Single numbered equation

Example Code

\begin{equation}
E = mc^2
\end{equation}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{equation}...\end{equation}`

Single unnumbered equation (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{equation*}
E = mc^2
\end{equation*}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{align}...\end{align}`

Aligned multi-line equations (amsmath)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

AMS Multiline Alignment: Place & before equality or relational operators to align equations vertically across lines. Use \\ to break lines. Each line is numbered individually; suppress numbers on specific lines using \nonumber or \notag.

Example Code

\begin{align}
x &= a + b \\
y &= c + d
\end{align}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{align}...\end{align}`

Aligned unnumbered equations (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{align*}
x &= a + b \\
y &= c + d
\end{align*}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{gather}...\end{gather}`

Centered multi-line equations (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{gather}
x = a+b \\
y = c+d
\end{gather}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{multline}...\end{multline}`

Single long equation split across lines (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{multline}
a + b + c \\
+ d + e
\end{multline}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{cases}...\end{cases}`

Piecewise case definitions (amsmath)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Piecewise Function: Renders multiple mathematical condition branches enclosed by a large auto-scaling left curly brace.

Example Code

$f(x)=\begin{cases}1 & x>0\\0 & x\le 0\end{cases}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}`

Matrix without delimiters (amsmath)

Example Code

$\begin{matrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{matrix}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{pmatrix}...\end{pmatrix}`

Matrix with parentheses (amsmath)

Example Code

$\begin{pmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{pmatrix}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{bmatrix}...\end{bmatrix}`

Matrix with square brackets (amsmath)

Example Code

$\begin{bmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{bmatrix}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{vmatrix}...\end{vmatrix}`

Matrix with vertical bars (determinant, amsmath)

Example Code

$\begin{vmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{vmatrix}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{Bmatrix}...\end{Bmatrix}`

Matrix with curly braces (amsmath)

Example Code

$\begin{Bmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{Bmatrix}$

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{theorem}...\end{theorem}`

Theorem environment (amsthm)

Example Code

\begin{theorem}
Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence.
\end{theorem}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{proof}...\end{proof}`

Proof environment (amsthm)

Example Code

\begin{proof}
By construction...\qed
\end{proof}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{lemma}...\end{lemma}`

Lemma environment (amsthm)

Example Code

\begin{lemma}
The function is continuous.
\end{lemma}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{definition}...\end{definition}`

Definition environment (amsthm)

Example Code

\begin{definition}
A set is open if...
\end{definition}

Special Characters & Accents

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for special characters & accents.

Command

`\%`

Escaped percent sign

Example Code

50\% efficiency

Command

`\$`

Escaped dollar sign

Example Code

Cost: \$50

Command

`\&`

Escaped ampersand

Example Code

Smith \& Jones

Command

`\#`

Escaped hash/pound sign

Example Code

Item \#3

Command

`\_`

Escaped underscore

Example Code

file\_name

Command Mandatory { }

`\{`

Escaped left brace

Example Code

\{x\}

Command

`\}`

Escaped right brace

Example Code

\{x\}

Command

`\textasciitilde`

Tilde character

Example Code

\textasciitilde

Command

`\textasciicircum`

Circumflex character

Example Code

\textasciicircum

Command

`\textbackslash`

Backslash character

Example Code

\textbackslash

Command

`\ldots (text mode)`

Horizontal ellipsis in text mode

Example Code

and so on\ldots

Command

`\dag`

Dagger symbol (text mode)

Example Code

Note\dag

Command

`\ddag`

Double dagger symbol (text mode)

Example Code

Note\ddag

Command

`\S`

Section sign

Example Code

\S 2.1

Command

`\P`

Pilcrow/paragraph sign

Example Code

\P 3

Command

`\copyright`

Example Code

\copyright\ 2026

Command

`\pounds`

Pound sterling symbol

Example Code

\pounds 50

Command

`\dots`

Ellipsis (context-sensitive)

Example Code

one, two, \dots

Command

`\ss`

German sharp s (eszett)

Example Code

stra\ss e

Command

`\ae`

ae ligature

Example Code

\ae sthetic

Command

`\oe`

oe ligature

Example Code

\oe uvre

Command

`\aa`

Nordic a-ring

Example Code

\aa ngstrom

Text Formatting, Fonts & Environments

Text Styles & Formatting

\textbf{text}

\textit{text}

\textsl{text}

\textsc{text}

\texttt{text}

\textrm{text}

\textsf{text}

\textup{text}

\textmd{text}

\emph{text}

\underline{text}

\uline{text}

\sout{text}

\textsuperscript{text}

\textsubscript{text}

\tiny

\scriptsize

\footnotesize

\small

\normalsize

\large

\Large

\LARGE

\huge

\Huge

\bfseries

\itshape

\slshape

\scshape

\ttfamily

\sffamily

\rmfamily

\mdseries

\upshape

\normalfont

\centering

\raggedright

\raggedleft

Lists, Quotes & Environments

\begin{center}...\end{center}

\begin{flushleft}...\end{flushleft}

\begin{flushright}...\end{flushright}

\begin{quote}...\end{quote}

\begin{quotation}...\end{quotation}

\begin{verse}...\end{verse}

\begin{itemize}...\end{itemize}

\begin{enumerate}...\end{enumerate}

\begin{description}...\end{description}

\item

\item[label]

\begin{verbatim}...\end{verbatim}

\begin{tabular}{cols}...\end{tabular}

\begin{table}...\end{table}

\begin{figure}...\end{figure}

\begin{minipage}{width}...\end{minipage}

\begin{abstract}...\end{abstract}

\begin{titlepage}...\end{titlepage}

\begin{array}{cols}...\end{array}

\begin{equation}...\end{equation}

\begin{equation*}...\end{equation*}

\begin{align}...\end{align}

\begin{align*}...\end{align*}

\begin{gather}...\end{gather}

\begin{multline}...\end{multline}

\begin{cases}...\end{cases}

\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}

\begin{pmatrix}...\end{pmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix}...\end{bmatrix}

\begin{vmatrix}...\end{vmatrix}

\begin{Bmatrix}...\end{Bmatrix}

\begin{theorem}...\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}...\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}...\end{lemma}

\begin{definition}...\end{definition}

Special Characters & Accents

\%

\$

\&

`\textbf{text}`

`\textit{text}`

`\textsl{text}`

`\textsc{text}`

`\texttt{text}`

`\textrm{text}`

`\textsf{text}`

`\textup{text}`

`\textmd{text}`

`\emph{text}`

`\underline{text}`

`\uline{text}`

`\sout{text}`

`\textsuperscript{text}`

`\textsubscript{text}`

`\tiny`

`\scriptsize`

`\footnotesize`

`\small`

`\normalsize`

`\large`

`\Large`

`\LARGE`

`\huge`

`\Huge`

`\bfseries`

`\itshape`

`\slshape`

`\scshape`

`\ttfamily`

`\sffamily`

`\rmfamily`

`\mdseries`

`\upshape`

`\normalfont`

`\centering`

`\raggedright`

`\raggedleft`

`\begin{center}...\end{center}`

`\begin{flushleft}...\end{flushleft}`

`\begin{flushright}...\end{flushright}`

`\begin{quote}...\end{quote}`

`\begin{quotation}...\end{quotation}`

`\begin{verse}...\end{verse}`

`\begin{itemize}...\end{itemize}`

`\begin{enumerate}...\end{enumerate}`

`\begin{description}...\end{description}`

`\item`

`\item[label]`

`\begin{verbatim}...\end{verbatim}`

`\begin{tabular}{cols}...\end{tabular}`

`\begin{table}...\end{table}`

`\begin{figure}...\end{figure}`

`\begin{minipage}{width}...\end{minipage}`

`\begin{abstract}...\end{abstract}`

`\begin{titlepage}...\end{titlepage}`

`\begin{array}{cols}...\end{array}`

`\begin{equation}...\end{equation}`

`\begin{equation}...\end{equation}`

`\begin{align}...\end{align}`

`\begin{align}...\end{align}`

`\begin{gather}...\end{gather}`

`\begin{multline}...\end{multline}`

`\begin{cases}...\end{cases}`

`\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}`

`\begin{pmatrix}...\end{pmatrix}`

`\begin{bmatrix}...\end{bmatrix}`

`\begin{vmatrix}...\end{vmatrix}`

`\begin{Bmatrix}...\end{Bmatrix}`

`\begin{theorem}...\end{theorem}`

`\begin{proof}...\end{proof}`

`\begin{lemma}...\end{lemma}`

`\begin{definition}...\end{definition}`

`\%`

`\$`

`\&`

`\#`

`\_`

`\{`

`\}`