Reference Hub

LaTeX Reference Hub & Overview

Welcome to the Andromeda LaTeX Reference Hub. Use the top-left search box to jump directly to any command, or browse the specialized category modules below.

Document Structure & Preamble

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for document structure & preamble.

Command Mandatory { }

`\documentclass{class}`

Declares the document class (article, report, book, letter, beamer, etc.)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Document Classes & Options:
• Classes: article (papers/essays), report (theses with chapters), book (two-sided books), beamer (slides).
• Font Sizes: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt.
• Paper Sizes: a4paper, letterpaper.
• Layouts: twocolumn, onecolumn, titlepage, draft, final.

Example Code

\documentclass{article}

Command Mandatory { }

`\usepackage{package}`

Loads a package

Example Code

\usepackage{amsmath}

Command Mandatory { } Optional [ ]

`\usepackage[options]{package}`

Loads a package with options

Example Code

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

Environment Mandatory { }

`\begin{document}`

Starts the document body

Example Code

\begin{document}

Command Mandatory { }

`\end{document}`

Ends the document body

Example Code

\end{document}

Command Mandatory { }

`\title{text}`

Sets the document title

Example Code

\title{A Study of Light Scattering}

Command Mandatory { }

`\author{text}`

Sets the document author(s)

Example Code

\author{Deb}

Command Mandatory { }

`\date{text}`

Sets the document date

Example Code

\date{\today}

Command

`\maketitle`

Typesets the title block

Example Code

\maketitle

Command Mandatory { } Optional [ ]

`\newcommand{\name}[n]{def}`

Defines a new command with n arguments

Example Code

\newcommand{\vect}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}

Command Mandatory { } Optional [ ]

`\renewcommand{\name}[n]{def}`

Redefines an existing command

Example Code

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}

Command Mandatory { }

`\providecommand{\name}{def}`

Defines a command only if not already defined

Example Code

\providecommand{\eps}{\varepsilon}

Command Mandatory { }

`\newenvironment{name}{begin}{end}`

Defines a new environment

Example Code

\newenvironment{note}{\begin{quote}\itshape}{\end{quote}}

Command Mandatory { }

`\renewenvironment{name}{begin}{end}`

Redefines an existing environment

Example Code

\renewenvironment{abstract}{\small}{}

Command Mandatory { }

`\input{file}`

Inserts contents of another file

Example Code

\input{chapter1}

Command Mandatory { }

`\include{file}`

Includes another file (starts new page)

Example Code

\include{chapter2}

Command Mandatory { }

`\includeonly{file1,file2}`

Restricts which \include files are processed

Example Code

\includeonly{chapter1,chapter3}

Command

`\newpage`

Starts a new page

Example Code

\newpage

Command

`\clearpage`

Flushes floats and starts a new page

Example Code

\clearpage

Command

`\cleardoublepage`

Clears page, ensures next page is odd-numbered

Example Code

\cleardoublepage

Command

`\pagebreak`

Suggests a page break

Example Code

\pagebreak

Command

`\nopagebreak`

Suggests no page break

Example Code

\nopagebreak

Command

`\linebreak`

Suggests a line break

Example Code

\linebreak

Command

`\nolinebreak`

Suggests no line break

Example Code

\nolinebreak

Command Mandatory { }

`\pagestyle{style}`

Sets the page style (plain, empty, headings, fancy)

Example Code

\pagestyle{fancy}

Command Mandatory { }

`\thispagestyle{style}`

Sets page style for current page only

Example Code

\thispagestyle{empty}

Command Mandatory { }

`\pagenumbering{style}`

Sets page numbering style (arabic, roman, alph)

Example Code

\pagenumbering{roman}

Document Hierarchy & Sectioning

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for document hierarchy & sectioning.

Command Mandatory { }

`\part{title}`

Top-level sectioning (books/reports)

Example Code

\part{Introduction}

Command Mandatory { }

`\chapter{title}`

Chapter heading (report/book classes)

Example Code

\chapter{Light Scattering Theory}

Command Mandatory { }

`\section{title}`

Section heading

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Sectioning Hierarchy: \part (-1) → \chapter (0) → \section (1) → \subsection (2) → \subsubsection (3) → \paragraph (4) → \subparagraph (5). Automatically increments numbering, updates running headers, and registers in the Table of Contents. Use \section[Short Title]{Full Title} for compact TOC entries.

Example Code

\section{Methodology}

Command Mandatory { }

`\subsection{title}`

Subsection heading

Example Code

\subsection{Sample Preparation}

Command Mandatory { }

`\subsubsection{title}`

Sub-subsection heading

Example Code

\subsubsection{Calibration}

Command Mandatory { }

`\paragraph{title}`

Paragraph-level heading

Example Code

\paragraph{Note.}

Command Mandatory { }

`\subparagraph{title}`

Sub-paragraph-level heading

Example Code

\subparagraph{Remark.}

Command Mandatory { }

`\section*{title}`

Unnumbered section heading

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Unnumbered Section: Suppresses section numbering and omits the heading from the Table of Contents by default (ideal for Acknowledgments, Forewords, or References).

Example Code

\section*{Acknowledgments}

Command

`\appendix`

Switches sectioning to appendix numbering

Example Code

\appendix

Command

`\tableofcontents`

Generates table of contents

Example Code

\tableofcontents

Command

`\listoffigures`

Generates list of figures

Example Code

\listoffigures

Command

`\listoftables`

Generates list of tables

Example Code

\listoftables

Command Mandatory { }

`\addcontentsline{file}{unit}{text}`

Manually adds an entry to a TOC-like list

Example Code

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}

Command Mandatory { }

`\addtocontents{file}{text}`

Adds text directly to a TOC-like file

Example Code

\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\newpage}

Math Modes & Formulas

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for math modes & formulas.

Math Mode

$ ... $

Inline math mode

Example Code

The energy is $E=mc^2$.

Math Mode

`$ ... $`

Inline math mode (alternative)

Example Code

The energy is \(E=mc^2\).

Math Mode

`$$ ... $$`

Display math mode (plain TeX style)

Example Code

$$E = mc^2$$

Math Mode Optional [ ]

`\[ ... \]`

Display math mode (LaTeX style)

Example Code

\[E = mc^2\]

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\frac{num}{den}`

Fraction

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Fraction: Typesets fraction. In display math use \dfrac for full size, in inline text use \tfrac for compact size.

Example Code

$\frac{1}{2}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\dfrac{num}{den}`

Display-style fraction (amsmath)

Example Code

$\dfrac{1}{2}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\tfrac{num}{den}`

Text-style fraction (amsmath)

Example Code

$\tfrac{1}{2}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\sqrt{x}`

Square root

Example Code

$\sqrt{2}$

Math Mode Mandatory { } Optional [ ]

`\sqrt[n]{x}`

nth root

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Radical / N-th Root: Computes radical symbol. Optional [n] specifies root degree.

Example Code

$\sqrt[3]{8}$

Math Mode

`\sum`

Summation symbol

Example Code

$\sum_{i=1}^{n} i$

Math Mode

`\prod`

Product symbol

Example Code

$\prod_{i=1}^{n} i$

Math Mode

`\int`

Integral symbol

Example Code

$\int_0^1 x^2\,dx$

Math Mode

`\iint`

Double integral (amsmath)

Example Code

$\iint_D f(x,y)\,dA$

Math Mode

`\iiint`

Triple integral (amsmath)

Example Code

$\iiint_V f\,dV$

Math Mode

`\oint`

Contour integral

Example Code

$\oint_C \vec{F}\cdot d\vec{r}$

Math Mode

`\lim`

Limit operator

Example Code

$\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x}$

Math Mode

`\limsup`

Limit superior

Example Code

$\limsup_{n\to\infty} a_n$

Math Mode

`\liminf`

Limit inferior

Example Code

$\liminf_{n\to\infty} a_n$

Math Mode

`\sup`

Supremum operator

Example Code

$\sup_{x \in S} f(x)$

Math Mode

`\inf`

Infimum operator

Example Code

$\inf_{x \in S} f(x)$

Math Mode

`\max`

Maximum operator

Example Code

$\max(a,b)$

Math Mode

`\min`

Minimum operator

Example Code

$\min(a,b)$

Math Mode

`\log`

Logarithm operator

Example Code

$\log_{10} x$

Math Mode

`\ln`

Natural logarithm operator

Example Code

$\ln x$

Math Mode

`\exp`

Exponential operator

Example Code

$\exp(x)$

Math Mode

`\sin`

Sine function

Example Code

$\sin\theta$

Math Mode

`\cos`

Cosine function

Example Code

$\cos\theta$

Math Mode

`\tan`

Tangent function

Example Code

$\tan\theta$

Math Mode

`\cot`

Cotangent function

Example Code

$\cot\theta$

Math Mode

`\sec`

Secant function

Example Code

$\sec\theta$

Math Mode

`\csc`

Cosecant function

Example Code

$\csc\theta$

Math Mode

`\arcsin`

Arcsine function

Example Code

$\arcsin x$

Math Mode

`\arccos`

Arccosine function

Example Code

$\arccos x$

Math Mode

`\arctan`

Arctangent function

Example Code

$\arctan x$

Math Mode

`\sinh`

Hyperbolic sine

Example Code

$\sinh x$

Math Mode

`\cosh`

Hyperbolic cosine

Example Code

$\cosh x$

Math Mode

`\tanh`

Hyperbolic tangent

Example Code

$\tanh x$

Math Mode

`\det`

Determinant operator

Example Code

$\det(A)$

Math Mode

`\dim`

Dimension operator

Example Code

$\dim(V)$

Math Mode

`\gcd`

Greatest common divisor operator

Example Code

$\gcd(a,b)$

Math Mode

`\deg`

Degree operator

Example Code

$\deg(p)$

Math Mode

`\hom`

Hom operator

Example Code

$\hom(A,B)$

Math Mode

`\ker`

Kernel operator

Example Code

$\ker(T)$

Math Mode

`\Pr`

Probability operator (amsmath)

Example Code

$\Pr(X > 0)$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`x^{a}`

Superscript

Example Code

$x^{2}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`x_{a}`

Subscript

Example Code

$x_{i}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\overline{x}`

Overline

Example Code

$\overline{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\underline{x}`

Underline (math mode)

Example Code

$\underline{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\overbrace{x}`

Overbrace

Example Code

$\overbrace{a+b+c}^{\text{sum}}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\underbrace{x}`

Underbrace

Example Code

$\underbrace{a+b+c}_{\text{sum}}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\overrightarrow{x}`

Right arrow over text (vectors)

Example Code

$\overrightarrow{AB}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\overleftarrow{x}`

Left arrow over text

Example Code

$\overleftarrow{AB}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\hat{x}`

Hat accent

Example Code

$\hat{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\widehat{x}`

Wide hat accent

Example Code

$\widehat{xyz}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\bar{x}`

Bar accent

Example Code

$\bar{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\vec{x}`

Vector arrow accent

Example Code

$\vec{v}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\dot{x}`

Dot accent (derivative)

Example Code

$\dot{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\ddot{x}`

Double dot accent (second derivative)

Example Code

$\ddot{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\tilde{x}`

Tilde accent

Example Code

$\tilde{x}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\widetilde{x}`

Wide tilde accent

Example Code

$\widetilde{xyz}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathbb{X}`

Blackboard bold (amssymb)

Example Code

$\mathbb{R}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathcal{X}`

Calligraphic letters

Example Code

$\mathcal{L}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathfrak{X}`

Fraktur letters (amssymb)

Example Code

$\mathfrak{g}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathrm{x}`

Roman (upright) math text

Example Code

$\mathrm{d}x$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathbf{x}`

Bold math text

Example Code

$\mathbf{v}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathit{x}`

Italic math text

Example Code

$\mathit{abc}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathsf{x}`

Sans-serif math text

Example Code

$\mathsf{abc}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\mathtt{x}`

Typewriter math text

Example Code

$\mathtt{abc}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\boldsymbol{x}`

Bold math symbol (amsmath/bm)

Example Code

$\boldsymbol{\alpha}$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\text{text}`

Text inside math mode (amsmath)

Example Code

$x = 5 \text{ meters}$

Math Mode

`\left(`

Auto-sized left parenthesis

Example Code

$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$

Math Mode

`\right)`

Auto-sized right parenthesis

Example Code

$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$

Math Mode Optional [ ]

`\left[`

Auto-sized left bracket

Example Code

$\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]$

Math Mode

`\right]`

Auto-sized right bracket

Example Code

$\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]$

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\left\{`

Auto-sized left brace

Example Code

$\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}$

Math Mode

`\right\}`

Auto-sized right brace

Example Code

$\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}$

Math Mode

`\left|`

Auto-sized left vertical bar

Example Code

$\left|\frac{a}{b}\right|$

Math Mode

`\right|`

Auto-sized right vertical bar

Example Code

$\left|\frac{a}{b}\right|$

Math Mode

`\big(`

Manually sized parenthesis (big)

Example Code

$\big(x\big)$

Math Mode

`\Big(`

Manually sized parenthesis (Big)

Example Code

$\Big(x\Big)$

Math Mode

`\bigg(`

Manually sized parenthesis (bigg)

Example Code

$\bigg(x\bigg)$

Math Mode

`\Bigg(`

Manually sized parenthesis (Bigg)

Example Code

$\Bigg(x\Bigg)$

Math Mode

`\nonumber`

Suppresses equation numbering on a line

Example Code

\begin{align}
x &= y \nonumber
\end{align}

Math Mode

`\notag`

Suppresses equation numbering (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{align}
x &= y \notag
\end{align}

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\label{key}`

Assigns a label for cross-referencing

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Label Anchor Placement: Must be placed after (or inside) \caption{...} for figures and tables, or inside an equation, so \ref{key} retrieves the correct counter.

Example Code

\label{eq:energy}

Math Mode Mandatory { }

`\tag{text}`

Custom equation tag (amsmath)

Example Code

\begin{equation}
E=mc^2 \tag{A}
\end{equation}

Tables & Floating Figures

Comprehensive syntax, arguments, options, and copyable snippets for tables & floating figures.

Command

`\hline`

Horizontal line across a table

Example Code

\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
A & B \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Command Mandatory { }

`\cline{i-j}`

Partial horizontal line spanning columns i to j

Example Code

\cline{1-2}

Command Mandatory { }

`\multicolumn{n}{cols}{text}`

Merges n columns in a table row

Example Code

\multicolumn{2}{c}{Merged Header}

Command Mandatory { }

`\multirow{n}{width}{text}`

Merges n rows in a table column (multirow package)

Example Code

\multirow{2}{*}{Merged Cell}

Command

`\toprule`

Top rule line (booktabs)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Booktabs Heavy Top Rule: Replaces \hline at the table header top with a professional publication-grade rule.

Example Code

\begin{tabular}{cc}
\toprule
A & B \\
\end{tabular}

Command

`\midrule`

Middle rule line (booktabs)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Booktabs Middle Rule: Thin horizontal divider separating table headers from data rows.

Example Code

\midrule

Command

`\bottomrule`

Bottom rule line (booktabs)

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Booktabs Heavy Bottom Rule: Clean closing horizontal rule at the table bottom.

Example Code

\bottomrule

Command Mandatory { }

`\caption{text}`

Adds a caption to a figure or table

Example Code

\caption{Scattering intensity vs. angle.}

Command Mandatory { }

`\includegraphics{file}`

Inserts an image (graphicx)

Example Code

\includegraphics{scattering_plot.png}

Command Mandatory { } Optional [ ]

`\includegraphics[options]{file}`

Inserts an image with sizing/rotation options

💡 Deep Dive Explanation & Options

Key Image Options:
• width=0.8\textwidth (relative width)
• height=5cm (explicit height)
• scale=0.5 (scaling factor)
• angle=90 (rotation in degrees)
• keepaspectratio (prevents aspect ratio distortion)
• trim=10 20 10 20, clip (crops image boundaries).

Example Code

\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{scattering_plot.png}

Command

`\centering`

Centers a figure or table content

Example Code

\centering

Command

`\hfill`

Horizontal fill/stretch space

Example Code

Left\hfill Right

Command

`\vfill`

Vertical fill/stretch space

Example Code

\vfill

LaTeX Reference Hub & Overview

Document Structure & Preamble

\documentclass{class}

\usepackage{package}

\usepackage[options]{package}

\begin{document}

\end{document}

\title{text}

\author{text}

\date{text}

\maketitle

\newcommand{\name}[n]{def}

\renewcommand{\name}[n]{def}

\providecommand{\name}{def}

\newenvironment{name}{begin}{end}

\renewenvironment{name}{begin}{end}

\input{file}

\include{file}

\includeonly{file1,file2}

\newpage

\clearpage

\cleardoublepage

\pagebreak

\nopagebreak

\linebreak

\nolinebreak

\pagestyle{style}

\thispagestyle{style}

\pagenumbering{style}

Document Hierarchy & Sectioning

\part{title}

\chapter{title}

\section{title}

\subsection{title}

\subsubsection{title}

\paragraph{title}

\subparagraph{title}

\section*{title}

\appendix

\tableofcontents

\listoffigures

\listoftables

\addcontentsline{file}{unit}{text}

\addtocontents{file}{text}

Math Modes & Formulas

$ ... $

\( ... \)

$$ ... $$

\[ ... \]

\frac{num}{den}

\dfrac{num}{den}

\tfrac{num}{den}

\sqrt{x}

\sqrt[n]{x}

\sum

\prod

\int

\iint

\iiint

\oint

\lim

\limsup

\liminf

\sup

\inf

\max

\min

\log

\ln

\exp

\sin

\cos

\tan

\cot

\sec

\csc

\arcsin

\arccos

\arctan

\sinh

`\documentclass{class}`

`\usepackage{package}`

`\usepackage[options]{package}`

`\begin{document}`

`\end{document}`

`\title{text}`

`\author{text}`

`\date{text}`

`\maketitle`

`\newcommand{\name}[n]{def}`

`\renewcommand{\name}[n]{def}`

`\providecommand{\name}{def}`

`\newenvironment{name}{begin}{end}`

`\renewenvironment{name}{begin}{end}`

`\input{file}`

`\include{file}`

`\includeonly{file1,file2}`

`\newpage`

`\clearpage`

`\cleardoublepage`

`\pagebreak`

`\nopagebreak`

`\linebreak`

`\nolinebreak`

`\pagestyle{style}`

`\thispagestyle{style}`

`\pagenumbering{style}`

`\part{title}`

`\chapter{title}`

`\section{title}`

`\subsection{title}`

`\subsubsection{title}`

`\paragraph{title}`

`\subparagraph{title}`

`\section*{title}`

`\appendix`

`\tableofcontents`

`\listoffigures`

`\listoftables`

`\addcontentsline{file}{unit}{text}`

`\addtocontents{file}{text}`

`\( ... \)`

`$$ ... $$`

`\[ ... \]`

`\frac{num}{den}`

`\dfrac{num}{den}`

`\tfrac{num}{den}`

`\sqrt{x}`

`\sqrt[n]{x}`

`\sum`

`\prod`

`\int`

`\iint`

`\iiint`

`\oint`

`\lim`

`\limsup`

`\liminf`

`\sup`

`\inf`

`\max`

`\min`

`\log`

`\ln`

`\exp`

`\sin`

`\cos`

`\tan`

`\cot`

`\sec`

`\csc`

`\arcsin`

`\arccos`

`\arctan`

`\sinh`

`\cosh`

`\tanh`

`\det`

`\dim`

`\gcd`